Dual Display station - software description

Coding conventions

Software configuration: Using #define settings

By setting or removing #define precompiler statements, pieces of code can be easily added or removed. One example of this is enabling or disabling all debug functionality in a release:

#define DEBUG_ENABLED

All such statements are collected in the top of the file <main.h>.

Loading C strings from FLASH

The IAR C compiler for AVR processors is by default configured for reading strings from DATA segment (RAM). This requires the compiler to copy the strings from FLASH to RAM during initialisation/cstartup. After that, the stings can be used in normal "ANSI C style":

printf("Hello World!");

Loading the strings to RAM is required for the strings to be manipulated during run-time. But by using special-designed functions instead of printf(), this can be avoided. Printing strings is done with a separate function, which loads text from FLASH only.

This could be achieved by pre-defining all strings:

BYTE flash *string_example = "Hello World!";

... and it would be used this way:

print_string(string_example);

This is not an easy code to read. Instead, the string could be used the normal way by making a few configurations:

• The CSTR segment containing strings is configured as a CODE segment (FLASH) in the linker file <lnk3s4kb_MODIFIED.xcl>.
• The function using the strings must cast the pointer from RAM to FLASH type. This is because the pointer is actually pointing at the correct address in FLASH, but the compiler still believes it is a RAM pointer. For example:

void print_string(BYTE *string_temp)

{

BYTE flash *string;

string = (BYTE flash *)(WORD)string_temp;

...

}

"string_temp" is an invalid RAM pointer, but the FLASH pointer "string" can now be used normally instead.

• In some cases, pre-defined strings are preferred if a string is used multiple times. But now the problem is vice versa: The function is expecting a RAM pointer, but the pointer is in this case actually FLASH. So we have to cast the pointer to RAM to be able to compile the code:

BYTE flash *string_example = "Hello World!"; print_string( (BYTE *)(WORD)string_example );

Code description

General program structure

After initialisation, the program enters an infinite loop in which all processes are executed. Some processes are executed every 10ms, while others run continuously.

To generate the 10ms intervals, TIMER0 interrupt is used. It increments a counter by 1 every 10ms. The main loop checks this counter, and executes the required processes if it is greater than 0. Also, the counter is decremented by 1.

The process states and timers are kept within the separate processes, and no high-level FSM is used. Global status flags are held in a bit-struct register "status".

Keyboard scanning

Located in file:	<main.c>
Entry function:	scan_matrix_keyboard()

Hardware

The station keyboard is an 8x4 matrix connected to PB1-PD3 (outputs) and PD4-PD7 (inputs).

Debounce routine

For each of the 32 keys there is a debounce register of 8 bits:

Key status:	1 bit
Key counter up:	3 bits
Key counter down:	4 bits

The keyboard scanning process is executed by 10ms intervals. For a keypress to be accepted, the key must be held for a specified amount of 10ms counts, counted by the up-counter. The key code is then sent to the AlphaCom digit sending process. Similarly, a key release also requires the key to be released for some time, counted by the down-counter. The key code 0x80 is then sent, telling the digit process to stop sending.

Key codes

The 32 keys are mapped this way:

Position	Key name:	Key code: (1)	Comment
COL1, ROW1	KEY_1	0x01
COL1, ROW2	KEY_2	0x02
COL1, ROW3	KEY_3	0x03
COL1, ROW4	KEY_MENU	0x2a	DAK 20
COL2, ROW1	KEY_4	0x04
COL2, ROW2	KEY_5	0x05
COL2, ROW3	KEY_6	0x06
COL2, ROW4	KEY_UPARROW	0x2b	DAK 21
COL3, ROW1	KEY_7	0x07
COL3, ROW2	KEY_8	0x08
COL3, ROW3	KEY_9	0x09
COL3, ROW4	KEY_DOWNARROW	0x2c	DAK 22
COL4, ROW1	KEY_M	0x35	(2)
COL4, ROW2	KEY_0	0x0a
COL4, ROW3	KEY_C	0x5f	(3)
COL4, ROW4	KEY_NAME	0x2d	DAK 23
COL5, ROW1	KEY_DAK1		Key codes depend on which DAK page is currently displayed. (4)
COL5, ROW2	KEY_DAK2		"
COL5, ROW3	KEY_DAK3		"
COL5, ROW4	KEY_DAK4		"
COL6, ROW1	KEY_DAK5		"
COL6, ROW2	KEY_DAK6		"
COL6, ROW3	KEY_DAK7		"
COL6, ROW4	KEY_DAK8		"
COL7, ROW1	KEY_DAK9		"
COL7, ROW2	KEY_DAK10		"
COL7, ROW3
COL7, ROW4	KEY_PRIVACY	(No code)	Other signalling.
COL8, ROW1
COL8, ROW2
COL8, ROW3
COL8, ROW4

(1): For the complete list of key codes and their signalling, see chapter [4.3 AlphaCom digit sending].

(2): The M-key code is not sent upon keypress. Instead, the global status "status.mkey" is set. Handset M-key will also set "status.mkey" when pressed.

(3): The C-key code is not sent upon keypress. Instead, the global status "status.ckey" is set.

(4): The DAK key codes depend on which DAK page is currently displayed on the upper LCD. There are 50 DAK key codes available, and by adding a prefix code (0x74) this amount is doubled. The key codes are according to the CRM IV station standard, which defines the following table:

DAK page displayed:	DAK keys:	Key codes:	Comment
0	D0-D9	0x20-0x29
1	D10-D19	0x0a-0x13
2	D20-D29	0x2a-0x33	Menu keys
3	D30-D39	0x60-0x69
4	D40-D49	0x6a-0x73
5	D50-D59	(0x74+) 0x20-0x29
6	D60-D69	(0x74+) 0x0a-0x13
7	D70-D79	(0x74+) 0x2a-0x33
8	D80-D89	(0x74+) 0x60-0x69
9	D90-D99	(0x74+) 0x6a-0x73

Other input pins

There are some extra inputs that are also scanned by the keyboard process:

• PE2: C-D loop sense (conversation/station LED)
• PC1: Handset OFF
• PC0: Handset M-key

AlphaCom digit sending

Located in file:	<main.c>
Entry functions: <br\>	digit_process()<br\>put_digit_in_buffer()

Digit transmission is processed by the function "digit_process()". The digits are sent by two signals:

• Tone frequencies

* Sent on C-D wires (microphone). Polarity is inverted first.

* Frequency range: 400Hz - 4000Hz.

• Current-signals

* Sent on A-B wires (speaker).

* Signal levels: (Note: The station itself consumes 10mA (1) at all times, which is included in the values below)

Handset OFF:	10mA (1)
Handset ON:	13mA
M-key:	24mA
C-key:	50mA

(1): Due to high power consumption, the station is currently set to consume 13mA at all times. This is equal to "Handset ON" signal (13mA), and the "Handset OFF" signal (10mA) can never be signalled. This is configured in hardware, and does not affect the software.

Tone signalling (C-D wires)

Tones are transmitted through the following processor output pins:

• PE2 (TO): Tone frequency signal.
• PB4 (ID): ID signal. Set high when sending tone.

The ID pin is held high when sending a tone. The tone frequency is then set on the TO pin. When not sending a tone, the ID pin is low. The TO pin is then used for reflecting the privacy status of the station, determined by the flag "status.privacy": Low level means Open and high level means Private.

Current signalling (A-B wires)

A current-signal is always present on the A-B wires. The processor has three output lines controlling the current:

• PB7 (CP): C-key current
• PB6 (MP): M-key current
• PB5 (ONH): Handset ON current

In idle, the station signals "Handset ON" current (13mA). By pressing M- or C-key, or by lifting the handset, the current is changed accordingly. In software, this is indicated to <br\>"digit_process()" by the status flags "status.hsoff", "status.mkey" and "status.ckey", and does not require a key code to be processed through the key code buffer (see below).

Only one of the current levels may be signalled at a time, except short periods during transitions between current levels. Because there are several inputs specifying the current level, the final value is determined by the following priority:

1. "status.ckey" flag

2. Current level specified by a key code - see "Key codes" below.

3. "status.mkey" flag

4. "status.hsoff" flag (station is in idle, with handset ON or OFF)

Key codes

Key codes are sent through a key code buffer by the function "put_digit_in_buffer()". This buffer is read by "digit_process()", which then sends both tone and current signals according to the key code. Digits will be held for a minimum time, and released when a new key code is available in the buffer. Key codes with the bit "0x80" set will stop the digit transmission.

AlphaCom line signalling:

Frequency:<br\>(C-D wires)	Current:<br\>(A-B wires)	Key code:	Key	Comment
500 Hz	(no change)	0x00	Digit 0
700 Hz	(no change)	0x01	Digit 1
900 Hz	(no change)	0x02	Digit 2
1100 Hz	(no change)	0x03	Digit 3
1300 Hz	(no change)	0x04	Digit 4
1500 Hz	(no change)	0x05	Digit 5
1700 Hz	(no change)	0x06	Digit 6
1900 Hz	(no change)	0x07	Digit 7	The current-signal is not affected by the key code. In station idle it will be "Handset ON".
2100 Hz	(no change)	0x08	Digit 8	"
2300 Hz	(no change)	0x09	Digit 9	"
400 Hz	(no change)	0x0a	DAK 10	"
2600 Hz	(no change)	0x0b	DAK 11	"
450 Hz	(no change)	0x0c	DAK 12	"
2900 Hz	(no change)	0x0d	DAK 13	"
600 Hz	(no change)	0x0e	DAK 14	"
3200 Hz	(no change)	0x0f	DAK 15	"
800 Hz	(no change)	0x10	DAK 16	"
3600 Hz	(no change)	0x11	DAK 17	"
1000 Hz	(no change)	0x12	DAK 18	"
4000 Hz	(no change)	0x13	DAK 19	"